Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% ohoft;n -7p2.1 mab wf,ntxq8bf incident intensity. What is the albedo of t 78-ttf ,f1 nonbq;bhw.map2xhe planet?

  The orders of energy transformations in three power statioj,l8w x)vvckgb(8od6ns are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and non-renewd9z d8ue rps3*able source of enr8zs3pud d9 *eergy?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a rene vm 1slohvdsa)2nn*66wable and non-renewable source of eners)n6 v62a hvm1l*nsodgy?

  Which of the following is a non-renewable energy reso6gfey 1m6gwx24t5pr zcv9e:murce?

  Which of the following energy )m :zenw euuz2-h+ s6sz+ g2spresources is non-renewable?

  The government of a medium sized city plans to replace cgxmfgea9m8wd .)u*p .oal power plants with photovoltaic cells tmag9 8m w.pfx).*gdueo power the city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orbit around the Sun is approximately 30 timksm54uon p*hut,.87 b jcv9gres the orbital radius of earth. Estimate thkbphur *.n5 8g,sc79m jv4tou e solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reasons why the averag ev-cjn +cntprz0 :l)4e intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on earth is only a fraction of the 0znce v)pt: lrn- j4c+solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power statio(t+s lqd/kcp2 s0(ejlb6 t8ympac v70ns. Examples of electricity generation that both involve energy transfer fromb k stv0py /(t2eqal07p sdmc(c86 j+l thermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles o e1g enve)lz83d;m -nhf Earth during a particular day is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed intensity if the solar intensity is 70v en-d 38ne gzhlem;1)0 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth. Some of thisgnu0y1jg j/)( bo8rbg energy is scattered a18r/bgj(g) j0nb go yund the rest reaches the earth's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensityva2wucvv / yg/jfspi/9;w8 4x on the Earth's surface is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns fuel with ar ntoje )wlxi*x29;nim 0 *zg; specific energy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo of00 ,pa3ykupah a body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.