The diagram shows the haploid number of chsrinp/ 2oudnl.hm0 -eo 42 ma u7-re2xromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for th7ohueoaeu.-i s-/2n mlx n2d0 pr m4r2is organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscleakb9 9u.7uze5z8w ev 57mrimfs, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of ho9 7uu e5 rfbwmivk7e5m8a9.zz rses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence suppormam0)nti*+-v budy pasykf*7d2 x v*. ting the hypothesis that two populations are two different spex27+d) **0yma-dnfy . tas*kubv mpiv cies?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to*htn.z- ,k7y -khkx0q*prvnj potential female mates by flashing its lights in specifichzn*kkxnj p7h-v.q,0ry-t* k patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciat9bbxftkfv/z)n6 5hz s -u1(li ion among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolay4 q2gn 8ix20ss7bxwu ting mechanisms in sympatriiwy228 guq4 sxsbnx0 7c and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisa; p1-8h15mr/m3zvbvhn 5vkik.bi fa ition between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference betwee:vjd,izvg1)(c y-bi.r( l rvun homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in slu0 nkqg)8 -h omwcf;0peciation. Which word is matched to the corrc0 f ln0o-m;kqu8) gwhect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B arekq/f;c; yq-rw two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usu g,+imt3ahe) ually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the firspa)jxv g6pls/ kd 56w-t domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14.ap6-)gvk dsl6x/jw5p What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a pxy r-jhqk+n 53opulation of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulti nyjq- h5r3xk+ng in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective bree qwj(our:.-a xe- ac3gding -:egoaajcqrw 3(u.x-?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, whao hxixqvmk)-yv6; wl888rs: ile the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two spswhx8vo 8q)8xv:ia6;- rmly k ecies was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donk m-en:hf2i)jiyz*db 4ey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. W *:ny)f 2 iizj-hbdem4hich are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on ; whm ylkhoierxh5b/.(f )z6* the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those expose*ox6e./;zhhibwk( hmyr5 )f ld to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?eatab nqi,yk(73 )mz*

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evw(a.ge *i,,; uqkpqk:x r ,dkeolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If7.0 i5rhg ,jx)0llf1ou ilqhw both of the parent species have two copies of each chu gfr0 01,5i)hjixq 7lohwll. romosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selec5 uvic8tn9; th *,cgnation and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in repro 0f-+kp6suc4zll aegzue rwj0q1 cr qw.z2*:/ductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct de02p+-.tpnflllklbdly mk 6/mvm )mt:p q;:5sscription of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Set5ozo 7 w(c p;s0lwdb0qophaga). What is th7 q0s0w5d;loobz wp c(e best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation o+p8: swdjjh -results in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanismsjp dho:+8 sw-j by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.