What is the best definition for a h: :y ffly./mlq0 4u9kra0rly species?

  igure: Climate graph kr736 io r/pvm43e y 0xj;bpwjof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fagzy+lyms6 tc pn 84hyhyek+ r+,a(9z(ctor 2;Faayy6y s n4kzc gr,+hh(y9lte8++ ( mpzctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population e r vf3gik411l47 akuk


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speqwu)aa9 f*x *dcies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has striy/g;rr dh 2.mmpes that resemble the zebra. It livesygh m/rr.2 d;m in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups ofm ahan) stzb*qa. 06d+zi(ao1 organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally iepa2t(1 -1eg +h zadxln North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely p1 p(xlegatzd2a1+h e -opulated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that besj6;mdh:zbc 8;soxb3fr(;wh t t reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants m xewt1h j/h4 y*qma,vd- q:o.and animal e,aq4xh qm*y jhv1m-/:ot.dw s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to,f nu(b0dxh. e)is .s4lm ghk)xins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale,6tlvv *lb;fd 4tny*3 s polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold l vs*ftv; 4l3dy6*tbnwaters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is la2z*es3pzfp-(m f +h lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tallf:zb ajr08w1b trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile szf08baw j:b1roils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaiz 4rnz t+m4 4f,oi3z)5ly1lnvgv xa/gn.

  Some fungi obtain nutrientsfm2m 3h m70 gto9 6auffze+uy, by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundingsu +ghyoz,t f7f3ue602 9m mamf. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti5yjz bgiifb )n .9-8jsvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forqe d;eka3 c(1le9nyfg *l46yn pyramids of energy.

  List three factors thatsrwmz7xi5v5 sgk(rl 7jb- v+5 could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3 x5swv+blmk7(r7- z 5vji5rgs?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different texev*t s /zml5:5i d0kjxh)j1nmperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rig(y hu(e0qj n1ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the foer(axwl(ui *s u-z v(f3n2) zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependentwv xn(f z)u(2uso(fi-a*e lr3 on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemh90 l**ge+ yf8z 5qdl)bhassq.

  Figure: A marine food wsk+ki lk7i/ kk4u c4u3eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbonct8m(8v r mxpojteg,+,4i vxjz+ 5y y* compounds produced by zooxam ,y*8gjrmjt(zxv o py,i5x8cv+4 e +tnthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemiu /bcw0ame8 6--tsqh gcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in-x0i 4 olcpri2 h 6q7h0n wbs-vuhhp96 the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following term 1)eeq-c2 l-hq7mllw qs best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materialslhqel2)mlc-q 7ew-1 q.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid o9 mbty 0 zv3vfw9o0t4tf numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator orj8a.pkh 3ro7u g p;/and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abva143mbqjd x5 out Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commeg(c0rqj 4uwu 5t,yip.rcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements tg. quu,5 04c(jipr yware true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exauk*+v idcqwyt4i ;.mwuyg1 4:mple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converstk8 452rrumgp.n15njz s x k0kion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins iz8u tc4l,pm8t7lyc s+ n food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a zco m1:ct 3xsu tpx5u2xevtlu-(0e 3)pyramid of b -xtt t luc)vcpue2os(:3ux 0zm31xe 5iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energbv.k*x 6ggjx qsb6: frj97u1jy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representaq7oj0/)/ ygrt*gj uning productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fot q70ob*u p5qcod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a :a:vltyvti,3pf . pamw,j*y/soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that ksznxd; ca0 87does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that couldj/i2d ; z 9u r,.dpttdrbs/k4j exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the id//4,9pujkdt; r 2brd z .stjlions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the option cb 09kbpiqlcl3(;l:f s below.What is Phoqbl:fp9cl3b k li;(c 0tosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an m tb3*m* wf7kiinsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frory5-wr1r* sfl7qau7 (w)kcf nw j;qb :m ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide iur csefr:s (zm+jk0mwe20p+/ n the air to carbohydratesr +(zfu0pe0m2+:e ws jr/ksm c.

  There is continuous t 7y xxnxkz n92m+8sr-cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 72 8rzxxn s+ykmt-9xn
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longestz juqb; 9de94mg g)c8 )usaw:t time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yeadr fh 7u e/ *1n+so wnmd.09-ngj(vybxr


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement47xtou(d f2rnb )kql/s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cg* .+vjpjvl* lalculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the m)c/57*dnq697ahf dbjrf v zdwarine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ca7s)n 3;gy5 u wcsqpud/0f6:iu) mgckarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysteic*n9p esk; eajs) 5.vm


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ece.ix5)l fg7jq -)asr 6+evuf aosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme//hinsbfdj,8/8hh n 1m ietg*5oapb6nt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on thh w3g(zt icrqq:6 s4q0e nitrogen cycl(qiqw:zt 630hq sgcr4e.

  Figure: Average per capita e 4 odf,8doidp8v;5wf$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primr hzm.q/ :vf5aary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax com/fz :mra .vhq5munity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following it7ywfbuj12bbg6h gll slmk,,1t6 m5/s an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capot );oy,l zz0if+ca1 fita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriegwel4z ujm).-c jw aam/ js5;.d out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness.; e -gu asl.jm)4zw jwmj/ac.5 The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTfp3+kok((am86o irdj $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by m0c*+dzd nhe. gvpxen;xhna 7,2l3 ) jregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for ag rawc6cc2z.rf/:k9 nq7k- ca biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,ns q-kzq-f m.)8 kvxg9 Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonationkj0 7 xwa(j,8xgqpot- ’’by choosing one or more statements from the folpxatq-gwj(7kxo,j 80 lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climaticasc3u5 6tp-sr:;stb wg 4pm 4k patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that charactep5k:4atw s6 -c;sr34 bmustgprize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bio23i3uete 1 kxuq+ntq7me.

  Identify the correct statement related to diu64twgn 7, 4gl)qjps.ma7gz h versity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, w i ;ob(a76zk rwd2+,5aa(flnnn:g blItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bjl- iaa3clth*wnpcs38 0c 19qiomelt-*j3qcc09lahcw8 an3 pi1ss


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and l4so64 evebt/NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer /es olv46be 4tcommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fol1w +wctr*d(aw3yz 9qplowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in prod9w+dpc w1*q(ay3z wtructivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured 4jnh df;f ;sjc 4:1qgtusing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of p2je)jrgn d*ynwf 2r9r(; hu,khotosynthesrj,df; ek(9r 2rwu) *nng 2yhjis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie/dh:idtvv* )wx3sls1 ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps t/i 0.cdv8ga ayo capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next /ava8. ydc0ig day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilg0 1 5kycktkp*ity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fak p0tk51gc*ykctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolo/g mt85u6jqth,7 dmm ngical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of3qqum. )qmwl-8dql5n Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speci6 xmao f4ppz b kpg)286mh:s9les sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqud bj4:eua;em dl91z d,es is not effective for sampling motiza1; jl94 bded,d:e mule (moving) specimens.