Which of the followi:bzzdpad:k8hhxox- 32h0t9y up 3+mr ng is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat nece-sjm fb8 uq-e.ssary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual x66s 0u8xk h/ w(ubik2z5ht kc;q-v tzmolecules is referred to aszzs 5-tkvq chk6i6b8hk2/( t;xu xu 0w

  A cup of water is scooped up ggv:sb egkxy: q+5)ge *sj)l ,from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the)vjl:,5 e)gbssxkg :+g gq *ye cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of (zj /nibpdvama ,;8 ;ian ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume/p8w ip:ljy 8bz tdso)( v8l*0w:mtnebn(od3 is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand untid l/nbpj8y8 :wnv3 mz t0()boes*w8:(d litpol its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal eneri1xhx o6 +0hgy vt-y,mgy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is t w (v rcfgj4 w803h8u5; *lvqfjb.qceehat

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capaciks 5 -p*.w1wm iael4kpty than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calorieskl- m14eiwa5 k w.ps*p, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system6rl ;bbki*1kp is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of alumin*lkkb1;p6r ibum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the rwsf)8wiar 0 *yv,*iksolid to the liquid state is referred )ikfw r0*was*yr 8vi ,to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from thm979 u+ij8jq5w0yisn j7nbd ne liquid to the vapor state is refer7 jjnij9mqy9+50dwis 8 7bn unred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ra)y3ncevd223j c x)cd cte,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesoay f+((2swap,+k zld

  When a liquid evaporarj,1 geeo0 5aym xj7lkb)x a9zj 54c:ftes

  When a vapor condens-pm-g9xpnx fn,g7h 8o-z7qhv ghf i *4z.4sises

  In a cloud formation, wateeu ,*qw :y4 ngb*b2/dqjy)pzt r vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the 4/bdtewuy,qjn q bz2 gy:)**pair in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pansin9 2a7ix9 1vtb k0pwqm(i0d of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wate2qr7dkm- 50i vzrtq .zm;xo 3er at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby h4czs-1n0ukov3,r a o ueat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as r,u10-svono z3aku4c

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an ij.mj6fk s.p35i7/xwpt(ezydfv3 h.k ron bar become hot when t .7w.j3(ejfk5 zxi.vkhtsy3dm6pp/f he other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a p) w aau*:dx)hvg ibewd ei9 2e*x14us1iece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of4*gia21uev):swae1 b xeui* 9ddhw )x the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from8g n ltx/ rlk.5vgo1n+o3ps(p a homogeneous material, the rate of hea/ knl5g1p. ooxlg8pv(r +ts3 nt loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mat(2 vngb70t5h pyhlnspv* 3w i7 nqf*5serial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of anothsg0 (st7*7 blw2v 3p5n5yfhhq p*vn iner material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat4ht9i6 jba7f i flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referriaf74 th6j 9bied to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stov-x.0 +8l ravpoicaluhdop;4 *s 0z4si e?

  Convection can occur (jd8oy1z875c yuw1oiqrg h-z

  Which of the following best explains why 8v+i0, xwildmrg/ a2o1krj 5ssweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatoi mg /x2dv0 +,1rwirskal 8j5ure?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the m3; d c)ylbpb-)v-jfnacceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true abopyn-bc v-m3)d)ljf ;but the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. e/).io,eb jb fOne of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplif,/jeieb bo.) ed to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does tkv+,r1pkn / ihkc j:;ehe radiane,+ k1;phkrkcv i/:jting power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absenz.jv,vowo9lbzl (.c5 ce of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun wl7-bid+miwqq7 )be 1 uarm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivat wuu*r8dsu9eq3he o: / s,c3dlent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how m ( hl:jse ,)+yzpisa (q7nz3sk/ 8wymhuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needng7)uoacfnha+4 /gh1 v,mdte62( e v ved to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tec4ab oy33 xw6iaau, 7jvo 0.nimperature ch7o4jx 6 bav33uyioan,.c 0iwaange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blohn i5rz)k ycq0t) t,jkjo6(a4*eery +ck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.niv4) esgteck lm1da8f+ h1 0 osb6+d.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat uubd(,hc5 n- u1(f skyap her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much op.+3;ows5u;db 3edf +w p( eygc3oqbheat is added to the gear if te5wq+bs3og;;d3dc + .u3p wo ofpeyb(he temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metalt1a 8/ 7ys7qy6(ae2h isv nwhw is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copp,.wkxivj ll41 er, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ag6mlv,f: ff 6tpxui9)t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated fr6mm1su0+(t8kq ckqz uom its surroundings. One object has an in81qc6kkt mm(u+u qz0sitial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between varexk: ybjgv3x6;31q e aious forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a wate:xxejaey3v63g kb;1 qrfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops 2nmhp5wu,tn -2 uelp .9s3ypaw6u ci: a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal t2 w:h 56c - 9nluw,s.ipey n2apuu3mpenergy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heaew p8kh- wu+9pt loss, how long would it take wep9 8 upkw+-hto heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg h*qy/d thf(/g of watet/hg/q(d yh*f r from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1yif 7e:b d7/tmk z6qj4000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific) enj((/dvo vm heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change n0x/kqd dvo7cob i- r1(qd 9/pit to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 83f6;5qw4ptee) vtt o o0 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200tfqeot3weo) 6p;5vt4 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to changd.pw nq;*cyu;d3g5utq/ qpv(leu p./ e 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100(q a27iqa k8ti g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of i4 ys(d ebsn*iy3d+pc h,2r sj0ce is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water init-fgdzs ( .6aq ft33ik8yot5xbq1. fciially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ab/ncrs5dl p07 t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changebl*gfv 6w5:gu 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chanrl7k6ab ll)s xz7rt:;ge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required t2taxakt+9 ymj , roq40o change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of +1-3 qubnhdfnhot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizatico- y3gp8wv4w on is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is ywg- vow4pc 38$328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivityq4nbkbrp*e +8h) def7 of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. ew v)8tz3bm2e+je g9 znv9d-v Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined togethewgz3+ dv-9e jnz9 )be8mt2evv r end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. z51x rsnd2jc, If the outside temperature i crj1xn2 ,zsd5s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thiu(bxd:q fx j56ck has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature 6bx u (xfd5:jqis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour throu ,8 xux*epwywf-/ra7, g iwa9mgh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete - ,x8*x wa,ipuryw7m9awe/gf($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1up 8ms6ql ,h/g,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a vyfy.ti0ir(+/0 ary:b dfm x 1$4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is moni3z-hynka q:0 etored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hol -yqna:k3h e0ze of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radimf );)wfk3-(h csbva lating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists y 44n ukij8d;zqdjd 285 rg3mkinside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.