What is the best definition for a 5z:u+99 d ,ivj emd3cx8fvqoa species?

  igure: Climate graph of2 r 5,a vjjd9bmk;sp s5*;qfmq Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whatjoks h x5o; 2bin301dj is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facto2oj3kj hd;1on xbis0 5r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve o 8ho6swntr3 s++;hba cbsg2f0f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma ce g5 z4e/s8kmk ch2l2species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes th.ilzb .g/o01n beeft*o mso7 *at resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six *mfztooeb n. *bl sg7.1o 0/iemonths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the a)h8 a()qu ynz- k2kdpvl1 e8mgroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amf(c 3mp wyt.i6erica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Nether. 3mwtcyi 6p(flands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refle6-iipr 3rg1ym cts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites andcfv5 olk6z52x snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalz xkl 56v5ocf2s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains of imc 5b7l jh-/zc2u3


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and othe4nu r) k cgs9(6xjbby sol6p7.r organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of thek7 .spysb (u6r96cgol4 jb)nx Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ec2e)5sm ;*ambj5 v-tccg+ t mvxosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have ot9u1/fyqc+etall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of matfouq19c e/+ yny interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of ax7 .w,pc 9u(htvqxz x+ food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrrd68 y:a:7dwzgco zrx6e +h1lients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then a8errx6lz+w7 1 ac6 ydo:dhzg:bsorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rizy 04: fuhmnw0ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fl(;c lg6 e h2ukmep:b5or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is /g)2::vyyq iloadns / Factor 1; Factoq: / ayl:dy /sov)in2gr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempb- 5igna6c3gceratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated riceg cdqa,zi (fla-i v* q2 y2*0kya1c*9hvq5mil cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized hja33ztvmk+o4 vx n k3*uv18igiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk ik*z31u43t avxv3h 8kvm+njo for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrgat.2ps(hm -euz;xrt7;nk ,piy 9jp ,ial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web h dy./( fnhplekx2r9tzq1/d.5* aep a



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals f f0zt62rehbprzp ;t (5eed on the carbon compounds prrt2br5(z;hefp6t z p0oduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followinba+u5hlil )u/ g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified so0rp*f)m:*nt ckmw) 49s ym aqystems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following 9y/ pjurqq1x2gvdq:4, lgsden ;5xf5 terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living or4fjv1: q/uqq 5edxx9n2dl ,5g y ;gsprganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number)f80+au yw4bdw 4 cqebs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of f*n7 tw(-:bi(cn xbyc a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethwf *)v g ,89imssz5qneane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatokkl +o8ib, 5fic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lig,kbo5 kf li8o+ht source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examplqq *ye u;35oxbe of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syivjo * 1,wg w,bggf3nd8i5y- bstem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainy). e)c e3/ pmy).ojk gal4llgs




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements bu:ipw cu3 e-:qf)zla537 rog is false when discussing a pyramid of:lcug7 wfa3 p3-)b uoiq5 ze:r biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene hd so6id0j34wrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity i pj/yzc+x vzu(51ome.n an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we1o( ocj ujvi) m7l/ln+b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosn- m)y zaq rggve6n-p1 b5my)q7f4o2mystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thadlz9zw/7i-ns2mp l a+t does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with )n0y -h nxdincdo7*5 oparasites on a consumer like the lio-non *d0cni7ox5 y)hdns

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options belowlp1( .lfl4 uusib :q7w.What is Photosynthesis abp s7l u1:fl.lq4w(uind Respiration?

  Identify the statements that desj33 c+ge9e3ttdoc5x7 5ad bs v5mxt ;ccribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystem9vzw e s72u.czs.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to cd . b p1;esifdq*to.o3arbohydrate 3* o i.dod.;qft1esbps.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thtfaf+k r r93n5e atmosphere to other carbon sinks.+5ta3k rnf9r f
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycl* r;c-60dzf, uksxyj ce that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pn,p4,.j lki koer area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar5br66(f ywxb ye true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (2y)ud 1zoz 5svNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diag:qa n-i-b b)py*() mtrzk.gs hram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb9dq b4:k 2;yzaw1aen m: hr.eoon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in ao u:: va8snu-7s/ mdeen ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecsb.u(k:a2( 7jzl) j- ;bqp(uhlwe5 olh hqby5osystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacte:xf 0n ja(pteg gty4*8ria.

  Identify which of the following is not a hum*)qlc- oqwue6ap z1/e2cq bw3 an-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc ace3q1zq cwe2b /loqp*-uw6)le.

  Figure: Average per : bn4+ hrh9vzbg ec;w9capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G :zqk j+/li5afPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communitykf5/jal +zqi: to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fo msx) w:/h/ayp/y9gzillowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi1ltln,b uj g ti:;sg5 3c3;efita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ;,tf *s hhk j,aray2v0out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the begin2, htkavha r0s,*;jyfning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &2+c +q5/av xrsy1 ce;6bs ypbg annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regizo ua,i9jz 7 z:o6zc1yo/vum/ d4 xk5nxewp1:on 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fowusmn, a,7.qdr n a7o-cvdg 80r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaxa:jj0dvi; tmpvlacwi( .-+) ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonationoj5d8ehc0d0 1nz9:wdf,tt f)n hfrb7’’by choosing one or more statements from the fotc:f7zhd hj 1nwn,59tr0d8f o) 0dfeb llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physi4itt gso5:fzvxi:k )eh*32b wcal variables. List the main factors tha3b2v ts x) hti:eigf*5k:o4 zwt characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainu-/eiyr5 8rd2ivp84dgte8 ugforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relattiw.cot ajwc/;1 a+ w1ed to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,e 1x..n)5eflgmcp i/l Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diff r1b *nd+g m6brzb)zsc cws:+-erent biomes )gn-+cwcs:b6+ rdz*sb b1m rz


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodu w4,7 vkqwl 6mwp7 /1nb*urvgiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community7 ,gpuwm l*u/ 7wwqb16nv4r vk to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corb)sc3tcn.sm6wec8 /i 08e bqqrect in describing the changes in productivity during primary successiq sebmc 88s) qcc/etn3w06bi. on.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that,mem4 sqfa/bf;7y 7jl can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynfy b/nnn780 dk4oa4thr.a p+,fct u v6tktf68/0 ,rp c+nn4.oau n4hby fa 7dvthesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi7b)8 z*z 8/ha 9wbe ordjg4hmield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle ysvdoz6ux41b: k3*0 3j3al5 oeumdss A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of thi3ao0b5 3o3vz k4m6d y u1sduj*sxsle: s species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to tvmfbsfa:m+76 ake multiple readings of the same factor. a6f fb7sv+: mm
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplbwjah5ta/ u0e ,;0b vhing


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samp4,yb ,aknh(o kles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samples+p..d 6 nwlhi/nrhn;d in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqueb*z :ct8ah 2vv ez.6ees is not effective for sampling m28aevzh ee.t*zc:6 bvotile (moving) specimens.