Which of the following is the smallest unit of h9ije gkuko 7qxf;0 vqb-4/x j 74)wwtieat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise thet suvs;a 1g9g9 temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referro9p:)8jwcg o3dzkba: ed took3:89opwj a bgc:z )d as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the te2 z8hg z/z93j2 vnzuui,suy u1mperature T and the internal energy U ozhnu9u jz/zv2 iug2yz8 13, suf the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of s*q6yhjcy v/y/ 3l07v x4jygnan ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its us k31gh hg*/d7wv c4kvolume is half the initial volume, and then it is all cg37h wskgdv 1/*4hukowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with in/,d9i9wrctqsq,-1 t azda/ 3cxa mx6l ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperawrz;6q-,tsw1tu p7yl tures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat ca9oczy*+;* s 8wlsuwt4vjuvdf5d2 9bupacity than iron. Now, consider equal m+bwul9 d*jyussd2v4c8*9 of ut5 vwz; asses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a co v6-lhs,( +wxcs)h y1wiv/hz nld piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gaissh(x,n6h/h +1 c-yv)w iwzlvn or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance r9;oxudh) 1mlk/jno0from the solid to the liquid state is referred to aknljo u mrxo/)d1h;90 s the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vav(jemsm(ns64z,3 bea por state is referred tvse(46e nmmb aj3(zs, o as the

  If heat is added to 1 d+qcyfcz m7,a pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes0yg60vboz,+ sg6vsdt

  When a liquid evaporaf7*as7ltk9fmz3ak2 6y .vo0mk rky o4tes

  When a vapor condens3as c+- .f dgheu/(ccaes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dropmkkejemb3+ 3sh3 z6v6 lets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. Thi+6s3mej emk z3h6k 3vbs will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of. k8vhi jliif ck7:30-fn3dla boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at0r- oo9mn. ow/4sx21 mosfvwcr4ro4v $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referkek ps(4j*c r0b2h*n ared to askn*kr*pha e (0jcb24s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does o)ue eb. i8tc/rof7mc )ne end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed fbt) c)e r cmu/i8eo7.in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal9v ij z4b74dt:fri8gh 13 zsfh feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difbz73v hfr s8di tf19ijz4g4h: ference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickn4a g,**7 p n d ,kqhpoiwi4tv7mk)qlf,ess of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickne ad mi7fo,q,v ,ptk lgkin7wh4)p*q4*ss will

  A layer of insulating maqxd,pw 4kb*:3dgsm+od7uh v .terial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thedd.qo sdb :x7 ,vhm4w3p*k +ugrmal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one plac20 i.u4 asz;h wefa-xje to2jh f w;0is.ax4e- zau another is referred to as

  By what primary heat +3wtj790fvxh8ps zc2nsa2 : ob t1d(*t fhmgvtransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurh kv/z in(+/8fhu0w9mxc 5h sa

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in mob; wb8(6.jadeoq+a zaintaining suitab(ajo o6+.eb;zd 8qb wale body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration jyup16yhi5l mrml9g fb jl( b *.0x;0cof gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by anb x0h.i6lfrb5j;u109(myp*cljy mgl electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring 8b5vn6 - z clt5is6dxlb fl:u+rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would bef6n56zltsb5 xldv-l ub c8+ :i true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperajna/5:1(g a ioayequ 0ture of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radia5 /uaea0gj yi(:an qo1ting power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence ofvr dorqrh8e1zi/5:m q * *l.cwx*m0xp any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doesu , -n:3m jmdkuun7jhm.g 7py1 the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalul5jb;b+inr - m iuh* jxd/.l(ent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how yfcisx+f( c8e z zg-57hwx smu96uq6 *much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raisrni (yp 7l d3q/8nbylr,44mr pe the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resuluf mvt6(bps8qg7 r19 sting temperature cp6b7rsqf(gm 9 1 8vstuhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block ixddug)fn3,a; 8 m) oxis originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 ; jud)p d.j(jckg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heazbyymb29k5 jq 6jf- )ut up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much h59u)dycn g huf:9j0sleat is added to the gear if j y nuhuds995f:0 cl)gthe temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metap sqhfp8jnxhcp.e i)q44i;+*l is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, qs(s8 .6xb u xrmkv7k5initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at5s+g/,g bqgtd u--rnf $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolatebcei x*kwv +8/d from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperaturc+ iv8kbe/x* we of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule att kbsu4z)i+2i duem :1zl/ joa:empted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect fork +a4umedbzs:1:2 jizil o/)u a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assumilqy69 7exlf-xbr a n) aq4b7u8ng that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does yaqr 9uq 7f4n) a6bllxex8-7 bthe water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no 7 /rmfh10hku.h ( lvjcq9 ;uxvheat loss, how long would it take to heat wc9v.h;l1hjkm 0vf uqu (7hrx/ater in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will p w1r h0k)ya5k,/qex,mfv +zsmum1t3 it take to heat 20 kg of wak +k m)0 , m5z/1strmfpu1wya3,qexhvter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100k- c6z;c46gxytp(l pl+w)n gl0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade ( 0;/dtl wv5qgqspecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liqui;sfj5xr gv6nwfk9lo3d 0x9 1hgg2 vd-d?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion y0t(ve*m 2a0x hxc8vv of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 e 0xh8xy(va v2*mtc v0g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chv8 gf5sh7)t*ed z8i.:wi cpyrange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed f /+of.vd3o.kg8 qa r 4jjlqo3s vj3*bt(wr5r prom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice 7vqu9a at* m dd.pfab3:*j6quis 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiallydv4xazrx5 (-med 9ca3 at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ad2wrx0or hyc mg hu3xl-011v;t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy ;by*t.dfsvdak+-+v * jjt w0jis needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to bx dnljc3a9dn -n 1(m2change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100ffdh( kd1,kjj64m5g d g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tet(hpij4((q.p *xgtc ga by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 k6ln 5 2q ka0tqf)skf;v;(kcj wcal/kg, k lw0t6aqfk 52(qcvs);n;k fj and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ,gse5ae6r ;7dc.xs62im lml n of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that . 16/ zfx) r-a :snfnsy:r1ir2)r svgkwlcws (of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in e2fz)ss:()ar/sy1 n -6x:gwv rr rli fkc1ns.wxcellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimension.-8e6 g 8fmxjert7rbjs of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatreg- t.b6mjjr78x 8efure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm vw 11 epcfwtfnq3-+o, thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur 11nwof-t q3evw+pcf ,e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour thijm*gt/gsy5c/pv f ;4rough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete v4;iy g/f 5/ptgjc*sm($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thy7:) jj qyazwphi l,74rough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat uicnw.eui9/ ( ,a1zqtis lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitom8g s +shy15hn.i8*ze -sl io6v,tf yi vzcr7*red by measuring the radiant power emitted throishv6rlt-y.v 1hfses8 n,8m +*iyg 5oz*zci 7ugh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body raak3*cs*l 6i(gce 3 ,qtjwk:bbdiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effpau(tpj um3to- t5c-1:k.t rl ective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.